BIO 1007 Seminar Objectives Unit 2
Note: This represents material that will be on lecture exam 2. Laboratory practical 2 will consist of skeletal system anatomy only.
Ch. 6 The Skeletal System
1. The bones of the human skeleton can be classified according to their general shapes. Give examples of long, short, flat, and irregular bones. What is a sesamoid bone? What is a wormian (sutural) bone? Describe the general parts of a typical long bone.
2. Describe the difference between red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow in terms of their location, composition, and function.
3. Describe the functions of the three primary cell types occurring in bone tissue.
4. Define the terms a) ossification, b) calcification, c) appositional growth, d) bone remodeling, and e) osteopenia as they relate to the skeletal system.
5. At one time or another, most of us have suffered from sinusitis:
a. What is
sinusitis?
b. Name the bones that contain the paranasal sinuses and name the cavity
into which these sinuses drain their mucus.
c. What type of epithelium lines these sinuses?
d. What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
6. Name the normal curvatures of the vertebral column. State whether the curvature is concave anteriorly or concave posteriorly, and identify each curvature as primary or secondary (consult your lab manual for assistance). Define and discuss possible treatments for the following miscurvatures: kyphosis; lordosis; scoliosis.
7. Describe examples of specific bones and bony landmarks that can be used to distinguish male bones from female bones (consult lab manual for assistance). Describe the ways in which the adult skeleton differs from the infant skeleton.
8. Describe the functional classification of the articulations of the skeleton. Describe the structural classification of the articulations of the skeleton. Give examples of specific articulations that fall into each of these categories.
9. Define these movements and practice doing them: flexion, extension and hyperextension; abduction and adduction; circumduction; rotation, pronation and supination; inversion and eversion; dorsiflexion and plantar flexion; opposition; protraction and retraction; elevation and depression.
Reminder: The Interactive Physiology 10-System Suite includes The Muscular System. Consult this CD for assistance with your chapter 7 seminar objectives below.
Ch. 7 The Muscular System
10. Explain the important functions of the following structures and organelles inside the skeletal muscle fiber (cell): a) sarcolemma; b) transverse (T) tubules; c) myofibrils; d) sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR); e) terminal cisterna; f) sarcomere.
11. After watching the animation of skeletal muscle contraction on the Interactive Physiology CD - Muscular System link, explain this process using the following terms in your answer: action potential, acetylcholine, motor end plate, t-tubule, terminal cisternae, calcium ions, actin, myosin, cross-bridges, tropomyosin, active sites, troponin, ATP. Consult your textbook for additional help with this topic.
12. Define: a) tension; b) twitch (also latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase); c) summation; d) incomplete tetanus; e) complete tetanus; f) motor unit; g) recruitment; h) muscle tone; and i) atrophy.
13. Describe the roles of ATP and creatine phosphate (CP) reserves, and glucose and fatty acids in supplying the energy required for muscle contraction. What types of metabolic pathways are used to break down glucose and fatty acids? Where does the myofiber get the glucose needed to produce ATP for contracting? Where does the myofiber get fatty acids for ATP formation?
14. Describe the characteristics that distinguish fast (white) fibers from slow (red) fibers. Consult the Interactive Physiology CD and your text for assistance.
15. Define: a) anaerobic endurance; b) hypertrophy; c) aerobic endurance; d) origin; e) insertion; f) prime mover; g) antagonist; h) synergist.
16. Give an example of a specific muscle found on your lab checklist whose name is based upon each of the following criteria: a) shape; b) size/width/length; c) action; d) region of the body; e) muscle fiber orientation/direction; f) origin (number of heads).
Last Updated 08/06/09
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