BIO 1008 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II Spring 2000
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A. Nose
1. External nares- nostrils
2. Nasal cavity-
3. Internal nares- opening connecting the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx.
4. The nasal cavity is separarted from the oral cavity by the bony hard palate and the posterior muscular soft palate. The uvula is the cone shaped posterior tip of the soft palate.
5. Superior nasal conchae-
Middle nasal conchae-
Inferior nasal conchae-
The nasal conchae are bony projections of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
6. Superior nasal meatus-
Middle nasal meatus-
Inferior nasal meatus-
The meatuses are groove-like passageways between the conchae.
B. Paranasal sinuses- spaces within certain bones of the skull; lined with mucous membrane; drain mucous into the nasal cavity.
1. Ethmoid sinuses (Ethmoid air cells)
2. Maxillary sinuses
3. Frontal sinuses
4. Sphenoid sinuses
C. Pharynx
1. Nasopharynx- superior portion of the pharynx
2. Eustachian tube opening-
3. Oropharynx- intermediate portion of the pharynx
4. Laryngopharynx- inferior portion of the pharynx
5. Pharyngeal tonsil- single tonsil in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
6. Palatine tonsils- paired tonsils found in the lateral walls of the oropharynx
7. Lingual tonsil- paired tonsils at the base of the tongue
D. Larynx- "voice box"; a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx to the trachea; the larynx is reinforced by nine pieces of cartilage.
1. Epiglottis- closes off the opening to the larynx (glottis) during swallowing
2. Thyroid cartilage – ("Adam’s apple"); reinforces the larynx anteriorly and laterally
3. Cricoid cartilage- complete ring of cartilage forming the inferior portion of the larynx.
4. Arytenoid cartilages- paired cartilages found at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage; involved in changing the tension of the vocal folds.
5. The mucous membrane of the larynx is arranged into two pairs of folds:
Vocal folds (True vocal cords)- lower pair
Ventricular folds (False vocal cords)- upper pair
Glottis- the space between the true vocal cords
E. Trachea
Tracheal cartilages- incomplete C-shaped rings
F. Bronchi- branches of the trachea (bronchus- singular)
1. Primary bronchi-
2. Secondary bronchi-
3. Tertiary bronchi-
4. Bronchioles- these airways lack cartilage rings
5. Alveoli- small, grape-like clusters of air sacs deep within the lungs; (alveolus- singular); this is where gas exchange occurs!
G. Lungs
1. Parietal pleura- "outer" covering of the lungs; lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
2. Visceral pleura- tightly covers the lungs
Right Left
Superior lobe Superior lobe
Middle lobe Inferior lobe
Inferior lobe
Note: Be sure to look at the microscope slides of lung tissue that are set up as demonstrations.
H. Muscles of Breathing
1. Diaphragm
2. External intercostals- cause inspiration
3. Internal intercostals- cause expiration
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
1. Spirometer- instrument used to measure volumes of air exchanged in breathing. Note the difference between the Wet and Dry spirometers.
2. Tidal Volume (TV)- (approximately 500 ml); volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during quiet breathing.
3. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)- (approximately 3000 ml); the amount of air that can be inspired during forced breathing beyond the tidal volume.
4. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)- (approximately 1100 ml); the amount of air that can be exhaled during forced breathing after the tidal volume is exhaled.
5. Vital Capacity (VC)- (approximately 4600 ml); the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible; VC= TV + IRV + ERV.
6. Residual Volume (RV)- (approximately 1200 ml); the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum forced expiration.
NOTE: You are responsible for knowing the values listed in numbers 2 through 6 above.
Another note: Be able to determine the TV, IRV, ERV, and VC of the lungs by calculation.
Example: If given - ERV = 1000 ml
TV = 500 ml
VC = 4600 ml
Question: What is the IRV?
Solution: VC = TV + IRV + ERV
IRV = VC - (TV + ERV)
IRV = 4600 - (500 + 1000)
IRV = 4600 - 1500
IRV = 3100 ml
CAT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. External nares
2. Nasal cavity
3. Sphenoid sinus
4. Frontal sinus
5. Oral cavity
6. Hard palate
7. Soft palate
8. Nasopharynx
9. Eustachian tube opening
12. Larynx
13. Epiglottis
14. Thyroid cartilage
15. Cricoid cartilage
16. Arytenoid cartilage
17. False vocal cords (Ventricular folds)
18. True vocal cords (vocal folds)
19. Trachea
20. Tracheal cartilages
21. Primary bronchi
22. Right lung:
superior lobe
middle lobe
inferior lobe
accessory lobe
23. Left lung:
superior lobe
middle lobe
inferior lobe
24. Parietal pleura
25. Visceral pleura
26. Diaphragm
27. Intercostal muscles (in general)