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------=_NextPart_01C859EA.2E5FD1B0 Content-Location: file:///C:/4C834233/ScienceofOEe-ns_files/master83.xml Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" ------=_NextPart_01C859EA.2E5FD1B0 Content-Location: file:///C:/4C834233/ScienceofOEe-ns_files/pres.xml Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" ------=_NextPart_01C859EA.2E5FD1B0 Content-Location: file:///C:/4C834233/ScienceofOEe-ns_files/slide0145.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Life in the Ocean
The Nature of Science, Evolution & Creationism
part 3 =
Mike Phillips
Geology Professor
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Organic Evolution &= ; Natural Selection
------=_NextPart_01C859EA.2E5FD1B0 Content-Location: file:///C:/4C834233/ScienceofOEe-ns_files/slide0029.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Life in the Ocean
Organic Evolution
►changes in life through time
<= span style=3D'visibility:hidden'>►
►development of complex li= fe forms
<= span style=3D'visibility:hidden'>►
►development of a variety = of life forms
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3xZdtNwWus2aPdUIZjhYz34DRFR14Dcq3TXOFd2jQavCsSgDuo+AwlORBBmUQCnRwYI92V00Noe+ CYYQbrkbGsK2A8IRyUmEK2RhrUqIMv0lL4AMbGENpxbDE7ruJ//YoA19+MOGYJB8LyQhCXoIRCQm MTrLYyIRo4VCJUYEERMRAAA7 ------=_NextPart_01C859EA.2E5FD1B0 Content-Location: file:///C:/4C834233/ScienceofOEe-ns_files/slide0125.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Life in the Ocean
Natural Selection
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.78%;top:.22em'>►mechanism responsible for evolution
►through mutation and selection
►surviva= l of the
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.58%'>§fittes= t (for a niche)
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.58%'>§luckie= st
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.58%'>§combin= ation
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Scientific Explanations
►= must be natural
►must be supported by available data
►= must be testable & falsifiable =
►= subject to revision or refinement or negation
<= span style=3D'font-family:Arial'>►shoul= d be predictive
<= span style=3D'font-family:Arial;visibility:hidden'>►
►OE and NS m= eet all of these requirements
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Terminology
►species=
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.34%'>§reprod= uctively isolated group of living organisms
► <= /span>
►populat= ion/deme
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.22%'>§group = of organisms consisting of all the members of a species living in an area
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Organic evolution: observations
►sedimentary rocks
&se= ct;deposited in layers
&se= ct;oldest layers are on the bottom
&se= ct;layers may be correlated with layers in other areas <= /span>
►conclusions
&se= ct;relative time scale
&se= ct;the Earth is very old
§<= b>confirmed with absolute dating
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Organic evolution: observations
►fossil record
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.51%'>§oldest= rocks have only simple fossils
§
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.51%'>§younge= r rocks have more organisms similar to those living today (at levels from species to kingdom)
§
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.21%'>§fossil= s record includes appearances and extinctions of many species<= /span>
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Organic evolution: observations
►geograp= hic distribution of organisms
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.46%'>§many o= rganisms are similar but unique
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.13%'>§they a= re confined to specific areas (islands, continents, water bodies)
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.53%'>§includ= es modern and fossil organisms
§distri= bution has changed through time
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Organic evolution: <= /span>= observations
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.26%;top:.22em'>►anatomy
<= span style=3D'color:#FF66CC'>§cell structure is similar in all = living organisms
<= span style=3D'color:#A3C145;mso-color-index:6'>§embryology - embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles are very similar
<= span style=3D'color:#9966FF;mso-color-index:4'>§homologus organs - similar organs, different functions
<= span style=3D'color:#6FA9B7;mso-color-index:7'>§vestigal organs - no purpose in one, purpose in another =
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Organic evolution: observations
►genetic= s
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.15%'>§struct= ure of DNA and RNA is the same in all living organisms&= #13;
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.11%'>§simila= rity in genetic code varies between organisms (some organ= isms are more similar than others)
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.58%'>§mitoch= ondrial and plasmid DNA
<= span class=3DB2B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.31%;top:.22em'>►separate from nuclear DNA
<= span class=3DB2B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.31%;top:.22em'>►similar to some bacteria
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Organic evolution: observations
►cladist= ic analyses
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.58%'>§statis= tical examination using
<= span class=3DB2B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.31%;top:.22em'>►anatomy
<= span class=3DB2B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.31%;top:.22em'>►DNA
<= span class=3DB2B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.31%;top:.22em'>►behavior
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.38%'>§indica= tes strength of affinity between species
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Organic evolution: observations
&#= 9658;combining  data
§cladistic analyses of fossils and living specie= s
<= span style=3D'font-size:86%'>§time data (relative & absolute)
<= span style=3D'font-size:86%'>§spatial relationships
§ (where fossils and living populations are found= )
►
&#= 9658;reveals phylogeny
► (“tree of life through time”)
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Organic evolution: conclusions
►the characteristics of populations of livi= ng organisms have changed through time
&se= ct;life has become more complex
&se= ct;life has become more diverse
&se= ct;all life is related
§<= b>this is accepted as a factual observation
►the interpretation of the relationships between organisms is being expanded & refined
<= span style=3D'mso-special-format:bullet;color:#A3C145;mso-color-index:6;positio= n: absolute;left:-3.96%;font-family:Arial;font-size:80%'>►
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Organic evolution:
Missing links!!!
►the “link” between two fossil speci= es OR between a fossil species and a living species&#= 13;
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;visibility:hidden'>►
►PRESERVATION AS A FOSSIL IS RARE!=
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;visibility:hidden'>►
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%'>►many “links” found (it&= #8217;s just a matter of time and effort)
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;color:#FF66CC'>►however: each “gap” filled creates two new “gaps”
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Question
►What is= the mechanism that resulted in the evolution of life?
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Natural selection: <= /span>= observations
►= populations of organisms display a variety of characteristics
&sec= t;characteristics may be useful, not useful, or detrimental
§the variety is reflected in an organisms genes
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Natural selection: observations
►new gen= es provided by
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.58%'>§mutati= on
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.58%'>§duplic= ation
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.58%'>§exchan= ge
► <= /span>
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.26%;top:.22em'>►passed to offspring during reproduction
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Natural selection: observations
►Symbios= is
§Living organisms in close proximity, at least one of the symbio= nts cannot live without the other
§
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.89%;top:.22em'>►Symbiotic relationships can become permanent, resulting in new = characteristics
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Natural selection: <= /span>= observations
►artificial selection
§<= b>domesticated plants and animals can be bred to favor certain characteristics
§
§ONLY individuals with desired characteristics are allowed to breed
&se= ct;
§<= b>descendant populations<= /span> of plants and animals are dominated by characteristics that are desired b= y breeders…
§ …and th= us favored their survival
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Natural selection: <= /span>= observations
►The natural environment acts as a selective breeder = ;
§
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.27%'>§contai= ns opportunities and stresses for living organisms =
§
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.58%'>§select= ion is enhanced by
<= span class=3DB2B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.31%;top:.22em'>►stress on an existing niche
<= span class=3DB2B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.31%;top:.22em'>►a new niche
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Natural selection: observations
<= span style=3D'color:#FF66CC'>►Populatio= ns of a species may become isolated by geography or behavior
► <= /span>
►Isolati= on
<= span class=3DB1B style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.15%'>§provid= es new opportunities and stresses
§isolate= s the population from the larger gene pool<= /div>
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Conclusion
►
►The variety of conditions in the natural environment results in natural selection of populations w= hich, in turn, is responsible for biological evolution.
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